C questions........

(q)What will be output of following c program?

int *call();
void main(){
int *ptr;
ptr=call();
clrscr();
printf("%d",*ptr);

}
int * call(){
int x=25;
++x;
return &x;
}


Output: Garbage value
Explanation: variable x is local variable. Its scope and lifetime is within the function call hence after returning address of x variable x became dead and pointer is still pointing ptr is still pointing to that location.

Solution of this problem: Make the variable x is as static variable.

In other word we can say a pointer whose pointing object has been deleted is called dangling pointer.


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4. What is wild pointer in c ? Answer


A pointer in c which has not been initialized is known as wild pointer.

Example:

(q)What will be output of following c program?

void main(){
int *ptr;
printf("%u\n",ptr);
printf("%d",*ptr);

}

Output: Any address
Garbage value


Here ptr is wild pointer because it has not been initialized.
There is difference between the NULL pointer and wild pointer. Null pointer points the base address of segmentwhile wild pointer doesn’t point any specific memory location.



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5. What are merits and demerits of array in c? Answer



(a) We can easily access each element of array.
(b) Not necessity to declare two many variables.
(c) Array elements are stored in continuous memory location.

Demerit:
(a) Wastage of memory space. We cannot change size of array at the run time.
(b) It can store only similar type of data.



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6. Do you know memory representation of
int a = 7; ? Answer



Memory representation of:

signed int a=7; (In Turbo c compiler)
signed short int a=7 (Both turbo c and Linux gcc compiler)
Binary equivalent of data 7 in 16 bit: 00000000 00000111
Data bit: 0000000 00000111 (Take first 15 bit form right side)
Sign bit: 0 (Take leftmost one bit)

First eight bit of data bit from right side i.e. 00000111 will store in the leftmost byte from right to left side and rest seven bit of data bit i.e. 0000000 will store in rightmost byte from right to left side as shown in the following figure:







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7. What is and why array in c ? Answer


An array is derived data type in c programming language which can store similar type of data in continuous memory location. Data may be primitive type (int, char, float, double…), address of union, structure, pointer, function or another array.
Example of array declaration:
int arr[5];
char arr[5];
float arr[5];
long double arr[5];
char * arr[5];
int (arr[])();
double ** arr[5];



Array is useful when:
(a) We have to store large number of data of similar type. If we have large number of similar kind of variable then it is very difficult to remember name of all variables and write the program. For example:

//PROCESS ONE
void main(){
int ax=1;
int b=2;
int cg=5;
int dff=7;
int am=8;
int raja=0;
int rani=11;
int xxx=5;
int yyy=90;
int p;
int q;
int r;
int avg;
avg=(ax+b+cg+dff+am+raja+rani+xxx+yyy+p+q+r)/12;
printf("%d",avg);
}
If we will use array then above program can be written as:

//PROCESS TWO
void main(){
int arr[]={1,2,5,7,8,0,11,5,50};
int i,avg;
for(int i=0;i<12;i++){ avg=avg+arr[i]; } printf("%d",avg/12); } Question: Write a C program to find out average of 200 integer number using process one and two. (b) We want to store large number of data in continuous memory location. Array always stores data in continuous memory location. (q) What will be output when you will execute the following program? void main(){ int arr[]={0,10,20,30,40}; char *ptr=arr; arr=arr+2; printf("%d",*arr); } Advantage of using array: 1. An array provides singe name .So it easy to remember the name of all element of an array. 2. Array name gives base address of an array .So with the help increment operator we can visit one by one all the element of an array. 3. Array has many application data structure. Array of pointers in c: Array whose content is address of another variable is known as array pointers. For example: void main(){ float a=0.0f,b=1.0f,c=2.0f; float * arr[]={&a,&b,&c}; b=a+c; printf("%f",arr[1]); } Hide 8. Why we use do-while loop in c? Also tell any properties which you know ? Answer It is also called as post tested loop. It is used when it is necessary to execute the loop at least one time. Syntax: do { Loop body } while (Expression); Example: void main(){ int num,i=0; clrscr(); do{ printf("To enter press 1\n"); printf("To exit press 2"); scanf("%d",&num); ++i; switch(num){ case 1:printf("You are welcome\n");break; default : exit(0); } } while(i<=10); getch(); } Output: 3 3 4 4 If there is only one statement in the loop body then braces is optional. For example: (a) void main(){ double i=5.5678; clrscr(); do printf("hi"); while(!i); getch(); } Output: 3 3 4 4 (b) void main(){ double i=5.63333; clrscr(); do printf("hi"); while(!i); getch(); } Output: hi (c) void main(){ int x=25,y=1; do if(x>5)
printf(" ONE");
else if(x>10)
printf(" TWO");
else if(x==25)
printf(" THREE");
else
printf(" FOUR");
while(y--);
getch();
}

Success

What is Success..............
One ex. Sachin Tendulkar failed in 10th std. but now First chapter of 10th std textbook is on Sachin Tendulkar..This is Success means U can do anything but try to be perfect in that profession or any respective field.U need to have a kind of content,to feel fresh working in that field.Try to work in such a profession in which u are interested.Money is also important ,otherwise U will not have money at your old age.Have some plans according to that.
There is one saying about Success by Abraham Likon
"Always bear in mind that your own resolution to succeed is more important than any other."
Means U should be very desperate for Success.......Selfbelief is also very important .
Wish u all the very best guys...............

India's Allround win Vs WestIndies

India win by a allround performance by 80 runs.Yuvraj Singh's knock of 123 0f 113 balls & in bowling he took 2 wickets.Bowling improved a little bit from last 5 matches.R Ashwin played a very vital role in the begining & Harbhajan at the other end.
Zaheer took wicket of Smith in superb form .This was the turning point of the match & after the wicket of Pollard by Harbhajan ,India's came back in the match.After that wickets continue to fall regularly & this work is done by Zaheer & Yuvraj.
We have to play with the same team against Australia with Ashwin,Zaheer,Harbhajan,Shreesanth,Munaf.We need to have good bowling against world class Australia if we have to win the match.In battin dept. we should have a good start as we are playing with 5 bowlers.I wish & pray for sachin's century & when Sachin Plays Vs Australia , He is in teriffic form.We have to do our best to win this match......................................
.......................Best luck Indian Cricketers............Sachin,Viru,Yuvi,Zaheer,Bhaji........

Happy Holi

Holi (होली), is a spring religious festival celebrated by Hindus. It is primarily observed in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and countries with large Indic diaspora populations, such as Suriname, Malaysia, Guyana, South Africa, Trinidad, United Kingdom, United States, Mauritius, and Fiji. In West Bengal and Orissa of India it is known as Dolyatra (Doul Jatra) (Bengali: দোলযাত্রা), or Basanta-Utsav ("spring festival")(Bengali: বসন্তোৎসব), . The most celebrated Holi is that of the Braj region, in locations connected to the Lord Krishna: Mathura, Vrindavan, Nandagaon, and Barsana. These places have become tourist destinations during the festive season of Holi, which lasts here to up to sixteen days.

The main day, Holi, also known as Dhuli Vandana in Sanskrit, also Dhulheti, Dhulandi or Dhulendi, is celebrated by people throwing coloured powder and coloured water at each other. Bonfires are lit the on the eve of the festival, also known as Holika Dahan (burning of Holika) or Chhoti Holi (little Holi). The bonfires are lit in memory of the miraculous escape that young Prahlad accomplished when Demoness Holika, sister of Hiranyakashipu, carried him into the fire. Holika was burnt but Prahlad, a staunch devotee of god Vishnu, escaped without any injuries due to his unshakable devotion. Holika Dahan is referred to as Kama Dahanam in South India.

Holi is celebrated at the end of the winter season on the last full moon day of the lunar month Phalguna (February/March), (Phalgun Purnima), which usually falls in the later part of February or March. In 2009, Holi (Dhulandi) was on March 11 and Holika Dahan was on March 10. In 2010, Holi was on March 1 and Holika Dahan was on February 28.

In 2011, Holi was on March 20 and Holika Dahan was on March 19.

Rangapanchami occurs a few days later on a Panchami (fifth day of the full moon), marking the end of festivities involving colours.

SAVE TIGER ,SAVE ANIMAL

BABA AMTE,SOCIAL WORKER

Murlidhar Devidas Amte, popularly known as Baba Amte (Marathi: बाबा आमटे) (December 26, 1914 – February 9, 2008) was an Indian social worker and social activist known particularly for his work for the rehabilitation and empowerment of poor people suffering from leprosy.
Trained in law, Amte developed a successful legal practice at Wardha. He soon got involved in the Indian struggle for freedom from the British Raj, and started acting as a defense lawyer for leaders of the Indian freedom movement whom the British authorities had imprisoned in the 1942 Quit India movement. He spent some time at Sevagram ashram of Mahatma Gandhi, and became a follower of Gandhism for the rest of his life. He practiced various aspects of Gandhism, including yarn spinning using a charkha and wearing khadi.

Amte founded three ashrams for treatment and rehabilitation of leprosy patients, disabled people, and people from marginalized sections of the society in Maharashtra, India.

In 1973, Amte founded the Lok Biradari Prakalp to work among the Madia Gond tribal people of Gadchiroli District.

Amte devoted his life to many other social causes, the most notable among which were generating public awareness of importance of ecological balance, wildlife preservation, and the Narmada Bachao Andolan.
Amte followed Gandhi's way of living, and led a spartan life. He wore khadi clothes made from the looms at Anandwan. He believed in Gandhi's concept of a self-sufficient village industry that empowers seemingly helpless people, and successfully brought his ideas into practice at Anandwan.

Amte also used Gandhian principles to fight against corruption, mismanagement, and poor, shortsighted planning in the government. Thus, he used non-violent means to fight the Indian government in the fight of independence [11].

In spite of his emulation of social and political work, unlike Gandhi, Amte was an atheist

STEVE JOBS

Steven Paul Jobs (born February 24, 1955) is an American business magnate and inventor. He is the co-founder and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Jobs also previously served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, following the acquisition of Pixar by Disney. He was credited in the 1995 movie Toy Story as an executive producer.

In the late 1970s, Jobs, with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Mike Markkula, and others, designed, developed, and marketed one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of the mouse-driven graphical user interface which led to the creation of the Macintosh.After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1984, Jobs resigned from Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher education and business markets. Apple's subsequent 1996 buyout of NeXT brought Jobs back to the company he co-founded, and he has served as its CEO since 1997.

In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm Ltd which was spun off as Pixar Animation Studios. He remained CEO and majority shareholder at 50.1% until its acquisition by The Walt Disney company in 2006.Consequently Jobs became Disney's largest individual shareholder at 7% and a member of Disney's Board of Directors

AJANTA AND ELLORA CAVES

Ajanta and Ellora are the pride of Maharashtra. The rock-cut caves of both these sites are world famous and illustrate the degree of skill and artistry that Indian craftsmen had achieved several hundred years ago. Ajanta dates from 100 B.C. while Ellora is younger by some 600 years. The village of Ajanta is in the Sahyadri hills, about 99 kms. From Aurangabad; a few miles away in a mammoth horseshoe-formed rock, are 30 caves overlooking a gorge, `each forming a room in the hill and some with inner rooms. Al these have been carved out of solid rock with little more than a hammer and chisel and the faith and inspiration of Buddhism. Here, for the Buddhist monks, the artisans excavated Chaityas (chapels) for prayer and Viharas (monasteries) where they lived and taught. Many of the caves have the most exquisite detailed carvings on the walls, pillars and entrances as well as magnificent wall paintings.
These caves were discovered early in the 19th century quite by chance by a party of British Officers on manoeuvres. Today the paintings and sculptures on Buddha’s life, belonging to the more mellow and ritualistic Mahayana Buddhism period, are world famous. Copies of them were shown in the Crystal Palace exhibition in London in 1866. These were destroyed in a fire there. Further copies were published soon afterwards and four volumes of reproductions were brought out in 1933 by Ghulam Yazdani, the Director of Archaeology of the then Hyderabad State. Ajanta has formed an epicentre of interest for those who appreciate and are eager to know more about Indian history and art.

GEOGRAPHY OF MAHARASHTRA

Geography

Pune is located at the confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers.
The Arabian Sea in Mahad

Maharashtra encompasses an area of 308,000 km² (119,000 mi²), and is the third largest state in India. It is bordered by the states of Madhya Pradesh to the north, Chhattisgarh to the east, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, Karnataka to the south, and Goa to the southwest. The state of Gujarat lies to the northwest, with the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli sandwiched in between. The Arabian Sea makes up Maharashtra's west coast.

The Western Ghats better known as Sahyadri, are a hilly range running parallel to the coast, at an average elevation of 1,200 metres (4,000 ft). Kalsubai, a peak in the Sahyadris,near Nashik City is the highest elevated point in Maharashtra. To the west of these hills lie the Konkan coastal plains, 50–80 kilometres in width. To the east of the Ghats lies the flat Deccan Plateau. The Western Ghats form one of the three watersheds of India, from which many South Indian rivers originate, notable among them being Godavari River, and Krishna, which flow eastward into the Bay of Bengal, forming one of the greatest river basins in India.

The Ghats are also the source of numerous small rivers which flow westwards, emptying into the Arabian Sea. To the east are major rivers like Vainganga, which flow to the south and eventually into the Bay of Bengal.

There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects. The plateau is composed of black basalt soil, rich in humus. This soil is well suited for cultivating cotton, and hence is often called black cotton soil. Northern maharashtra boosts for the production of bananas. Jalgaon district is the largest producer of bananas in India.

Western Maharashtra, which includes the districts of Nashik, Ahmadnagar, Pune, Satara, Solapur, Sangli and Kolhapur, is a prosperous belt famous for its sugar factories. Farmers in the region are economically well off due to fertile land and good irrigation.[citation needed]
Hill stations of Maharashtra

Maharashtra has several breathtaking hill views and hill stations. Most of these were established during the British colonial rule, as a retreat from the scorching summer heat. These hill stations attract domestic and foreign tourists in large numbers.

Some popular hill stations are Matheran, Lonavla, Khandala, Mahabaleshwar, Panchgani, Bhandardara, Malshej Ghat, Amboli, Chikhaldara, Panhala, Sawantvadi, Toranmal, Jawhar, etc.
List of Indian hill stations#Maharashtra
Places of scientific significance
Lonar crater lake

A crater lake is situated on the outskirts of Lonar town in district Buldhana, Maharashtra. The impact of a huge meteor that descended on earth from space carved out a bowl roughly 1.8 kilometre in diameter believed to be formed 50,000 years ago. The size and age make it the largest and oldest meteoric crater in the world. It precedes its nearest rival, the Canyon Diablo in Arizona in the United States, by a clear 2.30 centuries. Today, Lonar Lake is the third largest natural salt-water lake in the world. The peculiarity about the Lonar crater is that it is almost perfectly circular in shape. Apart from scientific significance Lonar also occupies a place of prominence in ancient Indian scripts. According to Sanskrit literature, Lonar was called ‘Viraj Kshetra’ in ancient times[citation needed].
Protected areas of Maharashtra

Several wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and Project Tiger reserves have been created in Maharashtra, with the aim of conserving the rich bio-diversity of the region. As of May 2004, India has 92 national parks, of which five are located in Maharashtra. A large percentage of Maharashtra's forests and wildlife lie in the Zadipranta (Forest rich region) of far eastern Maharashtra OR eastern Vidarbha.
Lions at the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, the world's largest national park within city limits.

* Navegaon National Park, located near Gondia in the eastern region of Vidarbha is home to many species of birds, deer, bears and leopards.
* Nagzira wildlife sanctuary lies in Tirora Range of Bhandara Forest Division, in Gondia district of Vidarbha region. The sanctuary is enclosed in the arms of the nature and adorned with exquisite landscape. The sanctuary consists of a range of hills with small lakes within its boundary. These lakes not only guarantee a source of water to wildlife throughout the year, but also greatly heighten the beauty of the landscape.
* Tadoba Andhari Tiger Project, a prominent tiger reserve near Chandrapur in Vidarbha. It is 40 km away from Chandrapur.
* Pench National Park, in Nagpur district, extends into Madhya Pradesh as well. It has now been upgraded into a Tiger project.
* Chandoli National Park, located in Sangli district has a vast variety of flora and fauna. The famous Prachitgad Fort and Chandoli dam and scenic water falls can be found around Chandoli National Park.
* Gugamal National Park, also known as Melghat Tiger Reserve is located in Amravati district. It is 80 km away from Amravati.
* Sanjay Gandhi National Park, also known as Borivali National Park is located in Mumbai and is the world's largest national park within city limits.
* Sagareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, a man made wildlife sanctuary situated 30 km from Sangli. Ancient temples of Lord Shiva and Jain Temple of Parshwanath located in Sagareshwar are a major attraction.
* Maldhok Sanctuary, situated in Solapur district. Some of its part is in Ahmednagar district. The sanctuary is for a bird which is sometimes known as The Great Indian Bustard.

Apart from these, Maharashtra has 35 wildlife sanctuaries spread all over the state, listed her Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary, and the Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary are the important ones.

Apart from the above, Matheran, a Hill station near Mumbai has been declared an eco-sensitive zone (protected area) by the Government of India.

Satellite Communication

A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to COMSAT) is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purpose of telecommunications. Modern communications satellites use a variety of orbits including geostationary orbits, Molniya orbits, other elliptical orbits and low (polar and non-polar) Earth orbits.

For fixed (point-to-point) services, communications satellites provide a microwave radio relay technology complementary to that of submarine communication cables. They are also used for mobile applications such as communications to ships, vehicles, planes and hand-held terminals, and for TV and radio broadcasting, for which application of other technologies, such as cable, is impractical or impossible.

APPLICATIONS:-

Telephone
An Iridium satellite

The first and historically most important application for communication satellites was in intercontinental long distance telephony. The fixed Public Switched Telephone Network relays telephone calls from land line telephones to an earth station, where they are then transmitted to a geostationary satellite. The downlink follows an analogous path. Improvements in submarine communications cables, through the use of fiber-optics, caused some decline in the use of satellites for fixed telephony in the late 20th century, but they still serve remote islands such as Ascension Island, Saint Helena, Diego Garcia, and Easter Island, where no submarine cables are in service. There are also regions of some continents and countries where landline telecommunications are rare to nonexistent, for example large regions of South America, Africa, Canada, China, Russia, and Australia. Satellite communications also provide connection to the edges of Antarctica and Greenland.

Satellite phones connect directly to a constellation of either geostationary or low-earth-orbit satellites. Calls are then forwarded to a satellite teleport connected to the Public Switched Telephone Network
[edit] Satellite television
Main article: Satellite television

As television became the main market, its demand for simultaneous delivery of relatively few signals of large bandwidth to many receivers being a more precise match for the capabilities of geosynchronous comsats. Two satellite types are used for North American television and radio: Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS), and Fixed Service Satellite (FSS)

The definitions of FSS and DBS satellites outside of North America, especially in Europe, are a bit more ambiguous. Most satellites used for direct-to-home television in Europe have the same high power output as DBS-class satellites in North America, but use the same linear polarization as FSS-class satellites. Examples of these are the Astra, Eutelsat, and Hotbird spacecraft in orbit over the European continent. Because of this, the terms FSS and DBS are more so used throughout the North American continent, and are uncommon in Europe.
[edit] Fixed Service Satellite
Main article: Fixed Service Satellite

Fixed Service Satellites use the C band, and the lower portions of the Ku bands. They are normally used for broadcast feeds to and from television networks and local affiliate stations (such as program feeds for network and syndicated programming, live shots, and backhauls), as well as being used for distance learning by schools and universities, business television (BTV), Videoconferencing, and general commercial telecommunications. FSS satellites are also used to distribute national cable channels to cable television headends.

Free-to-air satellite TV channels are also usually distributed on FSS satellites in the Ku band. The Intelsat Americas 5, Galaxy 10R and AMC 3 satellites over North America provide a quite large amount of FTA channels on their Ku band transponders.

The American DISH Network DBS service has also recently utilized FSS technology as well for their programming packages requiring their SuperDish antenna, due to Dish Network needing more capacity to carry local television stations per the FCC's "must-carry" regulations, and for more bandwidth to carry HDTV channels.
[edit] Direct broadcast satellite
Main article: Direct broadcast satellite

A direct broadcast satellite is a communications satellite that transmits to small DBS satellite dishes (usually 18 to 24 inches or 45 to 60 cm in diameter). Direct broadcast satellites generally operate in the upper portion of the microwave Ku band. DBS technology is used for DTH-oriented (Direct-To-Home) satellite TV services, such as DirecTV and DISH Network in the United States, Bell TV and Shaw Direct in Canada, Freesat and Sky Digital in the UK, the Republic of Ireland, and New Zealand.

Operating at lower frequency and lower power than DBS, FSS satellites require a much larger dish for reception (3 to 8 feet (1 to 2.5m) in diameter for Ku band, and 12 feet (3.6m) or larger for C band). They use linear polarization for each of the transponders' RF input and output (as opposed to circular polarization used by DBS satellites), but this is a minor technical difference that users do not notice. FSS satellite technology was also originally used for DTH satellite TV from the late 1970s to the early 1990s in the United States in the form of TVRO (TeleVision Receive Only) receivers and dishes. It was also used in its Ku band form for the now-defunct Primestar satellite TV service.

Satellites for communication have now[when?] been launched that have transponders in the Ka band, such as DirecTV's SPACEWAY-1 satellite, and Anik F2. NASA as well has launched experimental satellites using the Ka band recently.
[edit] Mobile satellite technologies

Initially available for broadcast to stationary TV receivers, by 2004 popular mobile direct broadcast applications made their appearance with that arrival of two satellite radio systems in the United States: Sirius and XM Satellite Radio Holdings. Some manufacturers have also introduced special antennas for mobile reception of DBS television. Using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology as a reference, these antennas automatically re-aim to the satellite no matter where or how the vehicle (on which the antenna is mounted) is situated. These mobile satellite antennas are popular with some recreational vehicle owners. Such mobile DBS antennas are also used by JetBlue Airways for DirecTV (supplied by LiveTV, a subsidiary of JetBlue), which passengers can view on-board on LCD screens mounted in the seats.
[edit] Satellite radio
Main article: Satellite radio

Satellite radio offers audio services in some countries, notably the United States. Mobile services allow listeners to roam a continent, listening to the same audio programming anywhere.

A satellite radio or subscription radio (SR) is a digital radio signal that is broadcast by a communications satellite, which covers a much wider geographical range than terrestrial radio signals.

Satellite radio offers a meaningful alternative to ground-based radio services in some countries, notably the United States. Mobile services, such as Sirius, XM, and Worldspace, allow listeners to roam across an entire continent, listening to the same audio programming anywhere they go. Other services, such as Music Choice or Muzak's satellite-delivered content, require a fixed-location receiver and a dish antenna. In all cases, the antenna must have a clear view to the satellites. In areas where tall buildings, bridges, or even parking garages obscure the signal, repeaters can be placed to make the signal available to listeners.

Radio services are usually provided by commercial ventures and are subscription-based. The various services are proprietary signals, requiring specialized hardware for decoding and playback. Providers usually carry a variety of news, weather, sports, and music channels, with the music channels generally being commercial-free.

In areas with a relatively high population density, it is easier and less expensive to reach the bulk of the population with terrestrial broadcasts. Thus in the UK and some other countries, the contemporary evolution of radio services is focused on Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) services or HD Radio, rather than satellite radio.
[edit] Amateur radio

Amateur radio operators have access to the OSCAR satellites that have been designed specifically to carry amateur radio traffic. Most such satellites operate as spaceborne repeaters, and are generally accessed by amateurs equipped with UHF or VHF radio equipment and highly directional antennas such as Yagis or dish antennas. Due to launch costs, most current amateur satellites are launched into fairly low Earth orbits, and are designed to deal with only a limited number of brief contacts at any given time. Some satellites also provide data-forwarding services using the AX.25 or similar protocols.
[edit] Satellite Internet
Main article: Satellite Internet access

After the 1990s, satellite communication technology has been used as a means to connect to the Internet via broadband data connections. This can be very useful for users who are located in very remote areas, and cannot access a broadband connection.
[edit] Military uses

Communications satellites are used for military communications applications, such as Global Command and Control Systems. Examples of military systems that use communication satellites are the MILSTAR, the DSCS, and the FLTSATCOM of the United States, NATO satellites, United Kingdom satellites, and satellites of the former Soviet Union. Many military satellites operate in the X-band, and some also use UHF radio links, while MILSTAR also utilizes Ka band.

ISRO

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO, Hindi: भारतीय अन्तरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन) is the primary body for space research under the control of the Government of India, and one of the major space research organizations in the world.[who?] It was established in its modern form in 1969 as a result of coordinated efforts initiated earlier.

Over the years, ISRO has conducted a variety of operations for both Indian and foreign clients. ISRO's satellite launch capability is mostly provided by indigenous launch vehicles and launch sites. In 2008, ISRO successfully launched its first lunar probe, Chandrayaan-1, while future plans include indigenous development of GSLV, manned space missions, further lunar exploration, and interplanetary probes. ISRO has several field installations as assets, and cooperates with the international community as a part of several bilateral and multilateral agreements.

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometre in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. Quantum mechanical effects are very important at this scale, which is in the quantum realm.

Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to investigating whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale.

There is much debate on the future implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics, biomaterials and energy production. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials,[1] and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted.

JAPAN EARTHQUAKE

TOKYO -- A magnitude 8.9 earthquake slammed Japan's northeastern coast Friday, unleashing a 13-foot tsunami that swept boats, cars, buildings and tons of debris miles inland and prompting a "nuclear emergency."

At least 40 people were killed and there were reports of several injuries in Tokyo, hundreds of miles away, where buildings shook violently through the main quake and the series of massive aftershocks that followed.Recent analysis of historical data shows that four of the top ten most deadly earthquakes and tsunamis since 1701 occurred in the last decade, including the 2004 Indian Ocean (Sumatra) and 2010 Haiti events. The magnitude 8.8 2010 Chile earthquake was the fifth largest earthquake ever recorded. These events generate questions about the frequency and severity of geologic natural hazards worldwide. The National Geophysical Data Center and co-located World Data Center for Geophysics and Marine Geology maintain a global historical event database of tsunamis, significant earthquakes, and significant volcanic eruptions (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazards/). Analysis of the database revealed that while the total number of magnitude 7.5 earthquakes per decade since 1901 has remained consistent, the last decade has experienced some of the most devastating geologic events in history. Until 2010, the most deadly event in the Caribbean was the 1902 eruption of Pelee that caused 28 000 deaths.

PRAGYAA 2011

Pragyaa is the national level technical festival conducted by Shri Guru Gobind Singhji (SGGS) Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nanded started in 2005. Pragyaa has grown with every year. The 2008 edition showed participation even from Oman in a unique Blogging Competition - SCI-FI. The event is not just an exhibit of technical abilities and excellence, but it also entertains every person in the arena with its fun filled evenings. The college has its own Rock Band that plays its own compositions plus evenings are illuminated with crackers. The students also get to relax under the star filled sky as technical/animated movies are screened in the lounge on a 12 ft x 16 ft background. Pragyaa showcases talent from all walks of engineering. This event has been in line with popular events conducted in IITs.

INDIA VS SOUTHAFRICA

South Africa beat India by 3 wickets

Tendulkar (111, 101 balls, 8x4, 3x6) was in a dominating mood. His straight drive off Morne Morkel has an indication that something special was in store.

The Indian legend got to his 48th ODI ton and his 99th international hundred and a record sixth World Cup score in excess of hundred while adding 142 in just 17.4 overs with Virender Sehwag who was equally destructive in scoring 73 (66 balls, 12x4).

Tendulkar also added 125 for the second wicket with Gautam Gambhir (69, 75 balls, 7x4) and it looked as if India will make the most of winning the toss.

At 267 for 1 in 39.3 overs and some power-hitters still in the hut, a score in excess of 350 looked a formality. But that's when South Africa showed why this team is special and different to the ones in earlier World Cups.



While chasing, South Africa's heroes were Jacques Kallis (69), Hashim Amla (61) and AB de Villiers (52). Faf du Plessis (25 not out), Robin Peterson (18 not out) and JP Duminy (23) also played vital cameos to contribute to the victory.

The final stages of the match were frenetic and exciting. Peterson kept his cool in the company of Du Plessis as South Africa required 13 off the last over to be bowled by Ashish Nehra. Peterson needed just four deliveries out of those six.
so finally Bowlers have to do best if India had to win matches against good teams like Australia,England,Srilanka.

Camera

It is next to impossible to capture a photo without a camera. A camera is a device, which enables the recording of still and moving photographs within seconds. Without camera, it was never possible to capture good memories.

Camera was first designed by Joseph N. Niepce, who was from France, a retired Military Officer. He invented the first camera in 1826 in France. His camera known as "Obscura" had two wooden boxes out of which one box had a lens and the other had a screen, which was green in color. He then invented a diaphragm, which helped in the clarity of the image by sharpening the image.

The first discovery of the camera was made by a German Mathematician, Friedrich Risner. As there were more and more developments in the technology of camera, this led to improvement in the quality of pictures, film, flash and color pictures. With all these improvements and the developments in the camera, today we are able to see our past in our present. If there were no camera to capture our past, it would have been simply impossible to record our memories and moments of the past.

Alhazen was the person, who invented the first Pinhole Camera, also known as "Camera Obscura". It made the people know the true reason as to why the image often was upside down. Joseph N. Niepce made the first photographic image. The main idea of Joseph was to capture the image by making the light draw the picture.

With many inventors, there was a development of a modern photography. In 1829, it was Louis Daguerre in partnership with Joseph N. Niepce, who made a major improvement in photography. However, soon after the death of Joseph N. Niepce, Louis took over the charge to develop the most modern photography, which was named with his name as daguerreotype. He together with the son of Niepce sold its right to the government of France. He then gained a wide popularity and subsequently, there were as many as seventy photo studios developed in the city of New York.

FMS,Delhi

Faculty of Management Studies, Delhi, commonly known as FMS or FMS Delhi, was the first business school in India which started offering Full Time MBA programme and is the business school of the University of Delhi. Established in 1954, the school offers management training to professional managers in part-time and full-time MBA programmes. It has been consistently ranked among top business schools in Indian b-school surveys. The first set of professors was trained at the Stanford Graduate School of Business and the institute was started at the Delhi School of Economics under the leadership of Prof. A. Dasgupta. It is one of the oldest business schools in India and has a very strong alumni network. FMS comes under the aegis of the University of Delhi. The past decades have witnessed a significant growth in the nature and number of programmes offered at the FMS. FMS was ranked the 4th Best b-school in India by the Business Today magazine survey 2010, just behind IIM Ahmedabad, IIM Bangalore and IIM Calcutta. It was ranked the 5th Best b-school of the nation by the Outlook magazine survey 2010. According to public perception, FMS Delhi ranks 4th, as substantiated by the popular MBA preparation forum Pagalguy in its 2010 rankings.

CAT

he Common Admission Test (CAT) is an all-India test conducted by the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) as an entrance exam for the management programes of its seven business schools. About 250,000 students took CAT in 2008 [1] for about 1500 seats in the IIMs. This is said to make the IIMs more selective than the Ivy League Universities[2]

The test is multiple-choice based with roughly one-fourth negative-mark penalties for wrong answers, and traditionally comprises three sections that span the domains of arithmetical problem solving, geometry, statistics, data interpretation, logical reasoning, puzzles, and English language skills. It is held on the third Sunday of November each year. The test duration was two hours prior to year 2006, but since 2006, it has been extended to two and a half hours. The total number of questions has varied from 180 (prior to year 2000) to 150 (from 2001 to 2003) and has gradually decreased to 75 (in 2006 and 2007). However, in 2008 the number of questions increased once again and became 90 (40 in Verbal Ability and 25 each in Quantitative Aptitude and Logical Reasoning and Data Interpretation). This trend has seen the CAT evolve from a speed-based test to an exam that evaluates fundamental abilities of candidates in the aforementioned areas.In 2009 CAT the no. of questions decreased to 60 ( 20 questions in each section quantitative analysis, logical reasoning + Data interpretation and Verbal ability) with increase in complexity of questions.

The CAT is the first step for admission to the IIMs. After the test, by the second week of January next year, the IIMs declare exam scores and put up a list of candidates who are eligible for the next stage of a Group Discussion and Personal Interview for IIMs. The scores are relative and are calculated on a percentile basis for individual sections as well as for the total. Candidates invited for the next stage usually possess total scores that are in excess of 99 percentile and, more importantly, also possess balanced high scores across all the individual sections.

On 1 May 2009, it was announced that from CAT 2009 would be a Computer Based Test.

GRE

The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is a standardized test that is an admission requirement for many graduate schools in the United States,[1] in other English-speaking countries and for English-taught graduate and business programmes world-wide. Created and administered by Educational Testing Service (or ETS) in 1949,[2] the exam aims to measure verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, analytical writing and critical thinking skills that have been acquired over a long period of time and that are not related to any specific field of study. The GRE General Test is offered as a computer-based, computer adaptive exam administered by selected qualified testing centers; however, paper-based exams are offered in areas of the world where computer-based testing is not available.

In the graduate school admissions process, the level of emphasis that is placed upon GRE scores varies widely between schools and between departments within schools. The importance of a GRE score can range from being a mere admission formality to an important selection factor.

Critics of the GRE have argued that the exam format is so rigid that it effectively tests only how well a student can conform to a standardized test taking procedure.[3] ETS responded by announcing plans in 2006 to radically redesign the test structure starting in the fall of 2007; however, the company has since announced, "Plans for launching an entirely new test all at once were dropped, and ETS decided to introduce new question types and improvements gradually over time." The new questions have been gradually introduced since November 2007.[4] As a result of further research the GRE General Test is being revised, and will be launched in August 2011.

The cost of the general test varies between US$160 and $210, depending on the country of taking the test, although ETS will reduce the fee under certain circumstances. They are promoting financial aid to those GRE applicants who prove economic hardship.[5] ETS erases all test records that are older than 5 years, although graduate program policies on the admittance of scores older than 5 years will vary.

UPSC

The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is a constitutional body in India authorized to conduct examinations for appointment to the various Civil Services of India. The Indian Constitution (Part XIV - Services Under the Union and the states - article no. 315 to 323) provides for a Public Service Commission for the union and a Public Service Commission for each state.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 History
* 2 Members of UPSC
o 2.1 Chairman of UPSC
o 2.2 Current Members of UPSC
* 3 Functions
* 4 Recruitment Rules
* 5 Exams Conducted
* 6 Reports
* 7 References
* 8 External links

[edit] History

The first Public Service Commission was set up on 1 October 1926 [1]by the then British Indian Government in response to the demands of Indian politicians that the superior Civil Services be Indianized. The functions of this Public Service Commission were largely advisory and, because of this limitation, it failed to satisfy the demands of Indian political parties associated with the struggle for freedom. The British Indian government then set up a Federal Public Service Commission and provided for the formation of provincial level Public Service Commissions under the Government of India Act 1935.

The Union Public Service Commission if requested by the Governor of a State, may, with the approval of the President work for the State, as in Manipur Public Service Commission and Kerala Public Service Commission.
[edit] Members of UPSC
Dholpur House, New Delhi

The Chairman and other members of the UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) are appointed by the President of India. At least half of the members of the Commission are Civil Servants (working or retired) with minimum ten years of experience either in Central or State service.

Every member holds office for a term of six years or until he attains the age of sixty-five years, whichever is earlier.

He can submit his resignation at any time to the President of India. He may be removed from his office by the President of India on the ground of misbehavior (only if an inquiry of such misbehavior is made and upheld by Supreme Court) or if he is adjudged insolvent, or engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office, or in the opinion of the President unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body.
[edit] Chairman of UPSC

As of May 2010, the commission is headed by Professor D.P. Agrawal (Hindi: प्रोफेसर डी.पी.अग्रवाल), who held the post of Director, Indian Institute of Information technology & Management, Gwalior. In addition to the chairman there are ten other members.[2]
UPSC-DP-Agrawal

Prof Agrawal joined the UPSC as a member in October 2003 and became its chairman in August 2008[3]. Professor Agrawal has 30 years experience in Teaching and Research in areas such as engineering, management, IT, educational administration and institutional planning and management. [3] Prof Agrawal obtained his Bachelor of Engineering degree from AMU Aligarh in 1970 and Ph.D. from IIT Delhi.He has served in the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT Delhi), in various capacities from October 1975 to July 1994. At IIT Delhi, Professor Agrawal had held several important administrative position including 'Dean of students' position. Prof Agrawal has been instrumental in revolutionizing the working of UPSC by implementing two major initiatives in his role as Chairman:

1. First was to revamp the recruitment process of UPSC by introducing aptitude tests in the recruitment examination process. [4] [5]
2. Second was the introduction of e-governance initiatives at UPSC including online application process for recruitment exams [6] [7]

[edit] Current Members of UPSC

As of November 2010, the Commission consists of a Chairman and 9 members. The names of the members are :[8]

1. Shri I M G Khan
2. Dr. K K Paul
3. Prof. K. S. Chalam
4. Lt. Gen. (Retd.) Nirbhay Sharma
5. Shri Prashanta Kumar Mishra
6. Prof. Purushottam Agarwal
7. Smt. Rajni Razdan
8. Smt. Shashi Uban Tripathi
9. Shri Vijay Singh (ex-Defence Secretary)

Secretary: Shri Alok Rawat
[edit] Functions

Functions of the UPSC are to conduct examinations for appointment to the services of the Union.

1. Recruitment to services & posts under the Union through conduct of competitive examinations. This is the regular mode of recruitment where an examination is conducted followed by an interview. The annual list of competitive exams is:

2. Recruitment to services & posts under the Central Government by direct selection This type of recruitment is done to fill immediate/ irregular job vacancies. It is general done through direct interviews, but sometimes, a written test is conducted preceding the interview.

3. Advising on the suitability of officers for appointment on promotion as well as transfer-on-deputation

4. Advising the Government on all matters relating to methods of Recruitment to various services and posts

5. Disciplinary cases relating to different civil services and

6. Miscellaneous matters relating to grant of extra ordinary pensions, reimbursement of legal expenses etc. ..
[edit] Recruitment Rules

In accordance with the provisions contained in Article 320 of the Constitution read with the provisions of Union Public Service Commission (Exemption from Consultation) Regulations 1958, Recruitment Rules of all Group ‘A’ and Group ‘B" posts in various Ministries/Departments of Government of India are required to be framed in Consultation with the Commission. Consultation with the Commission is also necessary for framing/amending Recruitment Rules for certain categories of posts under the Employees State Insurance Corporation, The Delhi Municipal Corporation, The New Delhi Municipal Council, Employees Provident Fund Organisation etc. under the relevant Acts made by Parliament in pursuance of the provisions of Article 321.
[edit] Exams Conducted

1. Combined Medical Services Examination
2. Combined Defence Services Examination
3. National Defence Academy and Naval Academy Examination
4. Indian Engineering Services Examination
5. Civil Services Examination
6. Indian Forest Service Examination
7. Special Class Railway Apprentices' Examination
8. Central Police Forces (Assistant Commandants)Examination
9. Indian Economic Service Examination
10. Indian Statistical Service Examination
11. Geologists' Examination

Facts on Carporate Credit

Facts on Corporate Credit

Many companies pick the wrong time to think about corporate credit. Owners should begin to develop a corporate credit rating when the company is healthy and not in need of credit. Ironically, vendors are less prone to offer lines of credit to companies that can't show a sound credit history. Top executives and entrepreneurs need to know basic facts about corporate credit.

Significance
1. Corporate credit allows companies to have a record of their payment history. It also tells consumers and potential investors the company is sound.
Features
2. Moody's, Standard and Poor's and Fitch IBCA are the major credit reporting agencies for companies. The highest rating is AAA, and C or D is the lowest. Anything lower than BBB or Baa presents a significant risk to potential lenders or vendors
Warning
3. Using personal credit instead of developing corporate credit may lead to personal liability. It will also present the lender with challenges when making personal purchases like a car or home.
Benefits
4. Companies with a AAA rating will enjoy significant lines of credit. This is beneficial when and if cash is scarce.
Prevention/Solution
5. Use vendors and lenders that report to credit reporting agencies in order to develop a credit profile as soon as possible. Maintain a high rating by paying debts according to contracted terms.

SAS Credit Scoringwww.SAS.com
How to Reduce Credit Risk Free Info Kit!

Indian Business Emailwww.google.com/a
Get Gmail at your own .com address & search a 25 GB quota. Learn more.

Top Finance Courses-Indiawww.icofp.org
Our courses are rated amongst Top 3 Finance courses by IndiaToday

Personal Loan in Mumbaiwww.bestbankloan.info
For salaried required net monthly salary Rs 15000 in bank statement

Read more: Facts on Corporate Credit | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/facts_4576242_corporate-credit.html#ixzz1G6AScjI9

Google

Founded: 1998
Founders: Larry Page and Sergey Brin
Incorporation: September 4, 1998
Initial public offering (NASDAQ): August 19, 2004
Headquarters: 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043
Offices: Locations of our offices around the world.
Management: Our executives and board of directors.
Investor Relations: Financial and corporate governance information.

Information Technology

Information technology (IT) is the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications.[1] The term in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review, in which authors Leavitt and Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology."
Contents
General information
Information and communication technology spending in 2005
IT is the area of managing technology and spans wide variety of areas that include but are not limited to things such as processes, computer software, information systems, computer hardware, programming languages, and data constructs. In short, anything that renders data, information or perceived knowledge in any visual format whatsoever, via any multimedia distribution mechanism, is considered part of the domain space known as Information Technology (IT).

IT professionals perform a variety of functions (IT Disciplines/Competencies) that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include data management, networking, engineering computer hardware, database and software design, as well as management and administration of entire systems. Information technology is starting to spread farther than the conventional personal computer and network technology, and more into integrations of other technologies such as the use of cell phones, televisions, automobiles, and more, which is increasing the demand for such jobs.

In the recent past, the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology and the Association for Computing Machinery have collaborated to form accreditation and curriculum standards[3] for degrees in Information Technology as a distinct field of study as compared[4] to Computer Science and Information Systems today. SIGITE (Special Interest Group for IT Education)[5] is the ACM working group for defining these standards. The Worldwide IT services revenue totaled $763 billion in 2009.[6]

HOCKEY

Games played with curved sticks and a ball have been found throughout history and the world. There are 4000-year-old drawings from Egypt. Hurling dates to before 1272 BC in Ireland, and there is a depiction from ca. 600 BC in Ancient Greece where the game may have been called kerētízein or kerhtízein (κερητίζειν) because it was played with a horn (kéras, κέρας)[2] or horn-like stick. In Inner Mongolia, China, the Daur people have been playing beikou, a game similar to modern field hockey, for about 1,000 years.[3] There were hockey-like games throughout Europe during the Middle Ages[citation needed] and the word "hockey" was recorded in 1363 when Edward III of England issued the proclamation: "[m]oreover we ordain that you prohibit under penalty of imprisonment all and sundry from such stone, wood and iron throwing; handball, football, or hockey; coursing and cock-fighting, or other such idle games."[4][clarification needed]
Field hockey
Field hockey game at Melbourne University.
Main article: Field hockey

Field hockey is played on gravel, natural grass, sand-based or water-based artificial turf, with a small, hard ball. The game is popular among both males and females in many parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. In most countries, the game is played between single-sex sides, although they can be mixed-sex.

The governing body is the 116-member International Hockey Federation (FIH). Men's field hockey has been played at each summer Olympic Games since 1908 (except 1912 and 1924), while women's field hockey has been played at the Summer Olympic Games since 1980.

Modern field hockey sticks are J-shaped and constructed of a composite of wood, glass fibre or carbon fibre (sometimes both) and have a curved hook at the playing end, a flat surface on the playing side and curved surface on the rear side. While current field hockey appeared in the mid-18th century in England, primarily in schools, it was not until the first half of the 19th century that it became firmly established. The first club was created in 1849 at Blackheath in south-east London. Field hockey is the national sport of India and Pakistan.[5]
Ice hockey
The Barrie Colts and the Brampton Battalion in an ice hockey game.
Main article: Ice hockey

Ice hockey is played on a large flat area of ice, using a three inch (76.2 mm) diameter vulcanized rubber disc called a puck. This puck is often frozen before high-level games to decrease the amount of bouncing and friction on the ice. The game is contested between two teams of skaters. The game is played all over North America, Europe and in many other countries around the world to varying extent. It is the most popular sport in Canada, Finland, Latvia, the Czech Republic, and in Slovakia.

The governing body of international play is the 66-member International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). Men's ice hockey has been played at the Winter Olympics since 1924, and was in the 1920 Summer Olympics. Women's ice hockey was added to the Winter Olympics in 1998. North America's National Hockey League (NHL) is the strongest professional ice hockey league, drawing top ice hockey players from around the globe. The NHL rules are slightly different from those used in Olympic ice hockey: the periods are 20 minutes long, counting downwards. There are three periods.

Ice hockey sticks are long L-shaped sticks made of wood, graphite, or composites with a blade at the bottom that can lie flat on the playing surface when the stick is held upright and can curve either way, legally, as to help a left- or right-handed player gain an advantage.

There are early representations and reports of ice hockey-type games being played on ice in the Netherlands, and reports from Canada from the beginning of the nineteenth century, but the modern game was initially organized by students at McGill University, Montreal in 1875 who, by two years later, codified the first set of ice hockey rules and organized the first teams.

Ice hockey is played at a number of levels, by all ages.
Further information: minor hockey
Roller hockey
Inline
Inline roller hockey
Main article: Inline hockey

Inline hockey is a variation of roller hockey very similar to ice hockey, from which it is derived. Inline hockey is played by two teams, consisting of four skaters and one goalie, on a dry rink divided into two halves by a center line, with one net at each end of the rink. The game is played in three 15-minute periods with a variation of the ice hockey off-side rule. Icings are also called, but are usually referred to as illegal clearing. For rink dimensions and an overview of the rules of the game, see IIHF Inline Rules (official rules). Some leagues and competitions do not follow the IIHF regulations, in particular USA Inline and Canada Inline.
Quad
Main article: Roller hockey (quad)

Roller hockey (quad) is the overarching name for a roller sport that has existed since long before inline skates were invented. Roller hockey has been played in sixty countries worldwide[citation needed] and thus has many names worldwide. The sport is also known as quad hockey, international style ball hockey, rink hockey and hardball hockey. Roller hockey was a demonstration roller sport at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Olympics.
Sledge hockey
Main article: Sledge hockey

Sledge hockey is a form of ice hockey designed for players with physical disabilities affecting their lower bodies. Players sit on double-bladed sledges and use two sticks; each stick has a blade at one end and small picks at the other. Players use the sticks to pass, stickhandle and shoot the puck, and to propel their sledges. The rules are very similar to IIHF ice hockey rules.[6]

Canada is a recognized international leader in the development of the sport, and of equipment for players. Much of the equipment for the sport was first developed in Canada, such as sledge hockey sticks laminated with fiberglass, as well as aluminum shafts with hand carved insert blades and special aluminum sledges with regulation skate blades.
Inline sledge hockey

Based on ice sledge hockey, inline sledge hockey is played to the same rules as inline puck hockey (essentially ice hockey played off ice using inline skates) and has been made possible by the design and manufacture of inline sledges by RGK, Europe’s premier sports wheelchair maker.

There is no classification point system dictating who can play inline sledge hockey, unlike the situation with other team sports such as wheelchair basketball and wheelchair rugby. Inline sledge hockey is being developed to allow everyone, regardless of whether they have a disability or not, to complete up to world championship level based solely on talent and ability. This makes inline sledge hockey truly inclusive.

The first game of inline sledge hockey was played at Bisley, England, on the 19th of December 2009 between the Hull Stingrays and the Grimsby Redwings. Matt Lloyd is credited with inventing inline sledge hockey, and Great Britain is seen as the international leader in the game's development.
Street hockey
Main article: Street hockey

Another form of popular hockey is street hockey, sometimes known as road hockey. This is usually played with the same rules as ice hockey, or roller hockey, but on the street. Most of the time, a ball is used instead of a puck, because a puck generates too much friction on an asphalt or cement surface and does not slide. Street hockey is played year round.
Other forms of hockey

Other games derived from hockey or its predecessors include the following:
Box Hockey being played in Miami, FL 1935

* Air hockey is played indoors with a puck on an air-cushion table.
* Beach hockey, a variation of street hockey, is a common sight on Southern California beaches.
* Ball hockey is played in a gym using sticks and a ball, often a tennis ball with the fuzz removed.
* Box hockey, hockey between two people with the rink being a small walled box.

Unicycle hockey

* Bandy is played with a ball on a football field-sized ice arena, typically outdoors, and with many rules similar to association football
* Box hockey is a school yard game played by two people. The object of the game is to move a hockey puck from the center of the box out through a hole placed at the end of the box (known as the goal). Each player kneels and faces one another on either side of the box, and each attempts to move the puck to the hole on their left.
* Broomball is played on an ice hockey rink, but with a ball instead of a puck and a "broom" (actually a stick with a small plastic implement on the end) in place of the ice hockey stick. Instead of using skates, special shoes are used that have very soft rubbery soles to maximize grip while running around.
* Deck hockey is traditionally played by the Royal Navy on the ships' decks, using short wooden 'L' shaped sticks.
* Floor hockey is a form of hockey played on foot,on flat, smooth floor surface. It is usually played inside in gymnasiums and such.
* Floorball, is a form of hockey played in a gymnasium or in sport halls. A whiffle ball is used instead of a plastic ball, and the sticks are made from composite materials. The sticks are only one meter long.
* Foot hockey or sock hockey is played using a bald tennis ball or rolled up pair of socks and using only the feet. It is popular at elementary schools in the winter.
* Gym hockey is a form of ice hockey played in a gymnasium. It uses sticks with foam ends and a foam ball or a plastic puck.
* Hurling and Camogie are Irish games bearing some resemblance to - and notable differences from - hockey.
* Indoor field hockey is an indoor variation of field hockey.
* Mini hockey In the United States is a form of hockey (also known as "mini-sticks") which is played in basements of houses. Players get down on their knees, using a miniature plastic stick, usually about 15 inches (38 cm) long to maneuver a small ball or a soft, fabric covered mini puck into a miniature goals. In England 'mini hockey' refers to a seven-a-side version of field hockey, played on an area equivalent to half a normal pitch for younger players
* Nok Hockey is a table-top version of hockey played with no defense and a small block in front of the goal.
* Power hockey is a form of hockey for persons requiring the use of an electric (power) wheelchair in daily life. PowerHockey is a competitive sports opportunity for the physically disabled.
* Ringette is an ice hockey variant that was designed for female players; it uses a straight stick and a rubber ring in place of a puck. Note: Ringette distances itself from hockey as it has its own set of rules and is closely related to a mix of lacrosse and basketball.
* Rinkball is a Scandinavian team sport, played in an ice hockey rink with a ball.
* Rossall hockey is a variation played at Rossall School on the sea shore in the winter months. Its rules are a mix of field hockey, rugby and the Eton wall game.
* Shinny is an informal version of ice hockey.
* Shinty is a Scottish game now played primarily in the Highlands
* Skater hockey is a variant of inline hockey, played with a ball.
* Spongee is a cross between ice hockey and broomball and is most popular in Manitoba, Canada. A stick and puck are used as in hockey (the puck is a softer version called a "sponge puck"), and the same soft-soled shoes used in broomball are worn. The rules are basically the same as ice hockey, but one variation has an extra player on the ice called a "rover".
* Table hockey is played indoors with a table-top game.
* Underwater hockey is played on the bottom of a swimming pool.
* Unicycle hockey is similar to roller or inline hockey, however, each player must be mounted on their unicycle (with both feet on the pedals) to play at the ball.

WILD LIFE IN MAHARASHTRA

WILDLIFE PARKS
Maharashtra is home to a large number of animals and bird species, including the tiger, Crocodile, Bison, Gawa, Neelgai, Wild Deer, Sambar and rare migratory birds. The state has taken adequate steps towards setting up many wildlife parks and sanctuaries to protect these regions and promote them as tourist attractions. The parks offer splendid opportunities to see a variety of wildlife in a spectacularly natural setting. Modern amenities such as jeep rides, night safaris, comfortable accommodation and efficient transport are also available at a nominal charge


Melghat Tiger Reserve
This Reserve is in the enchanting sylvan beauty of the woodlands and greenery of Melghat, in the Amravati district, roams the tiger, and it is here that a greater part of Project Tiger is being implemented. In the heart of the luxuriant teak forests of Dhakna-Kolkaz is the Melghat Tiger Reserve, where Panthers, Bison, Sambar, Chital and the Flying Squirrel are familiar sights.

Nagzira Wild Life Sanctuary
Another wildlife sanctuary which is known for its verdant hills and dales, where the fauna offers a mesmerising blaze of colours, is the Nagzira


Wild Life Sanctuary. Ambling around in these idyllic environs is the sloth bear, tiger four horned antelope, the Bluebull, Chital, Barking Deer, Bison and the Panther. Besides these sanctuaries are alive with the Chirruping of the colourful and varied birds.

The Navegaon Forest Resort
Navegaon, a popular forest resort in the Vidarbha region, was built in the 18th century. The picturesque lake set amidst lush green hills at Navegaon has a watch-tower beside it, from which visitors may find a bird's eye view of the surrounding forest and its abundant wildlife. Best known for the Dr Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, Navegaon is home to almost 60 per cent of the bird species found in the entire state. Every winter, flocks of migratory birds visit the region. Visitors can join the Jungle Safari and have a stroll to see the Sambar, Chital and Langurs. Staying in a unique tree-top house and riding a power or sail boat on the lake, are thrilling pastimes.

The Dajipur Bison Sanctuary
The jungle resort of Dajipur is situated on the border of Kolhapur and Sindhudurg districts, near the backwaters of the Radhanagari dam. Surrounded by rugged mountains and dense forests, this secluded area is completely cut-off from human habitation. A home to bison, wild Deers, Chital, Gawa and many more spectacular wild animals and birds, Dajipur is an exciting and beautiful holiday getaway. An excursion to the nearby Gagangiri Maharaj's Math makes for a pleasant outing.


Bison

The Tadoba National Park



This is a large park spread over many acres of lush green forested land. Situated 45 kms from Chandrapur, Tadoba is an extremely beautiful jungle of mixed teak forests around a tranquil lake. The Tadoba National Park has migratory ducks visiting its lake, and also swarms with crocodiles. The rest houses are ideal for nature lovers as it commands a lovely view of the lake and the distant green hills beyond. Late nights are ideal times to see tigers, leopards, gaur, nilgai, sambar and chital. The park has facilities for tourists to stay overnight.

Bird Sanctuaries


There are many more types of birds than animals in Maharashtra, like the bulbul, shama, cuckoo, parakeet, drongoes, Wagtails Flycatchers, Purple Sunbirds, Grey Jungle Fowl, the great Indian bustard and above all the beautiful peacock. The great Indian bustard which is an endangered species, is an ostrich-like bird, found in the Ahmednagar and Sholapur districts. It is known for its royal gait and is a fast runner. The Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary is a must for ornithologists and so is the Karnala Bird Sanctuary which is the home of winged birds like the golden oriole.

NatureNature, in the broadest sense, is equivalent to the natural world, physical world, or material world. "Nature" refers to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general. It ranges in scale from the subatomic to the cosmic. The word nature is derived from the Latin word natura, or "essential qualities, innate disposition", and in ancient times, literally meant "birth".[1] Natura was a Latin translation of the Greek word physis (φύσις), which originally related to the intrinsic characteristics that plants, animals, and other features of the world develop of their own accord.[2][3] The concept of nature as a whole, the physical universe, is one of several expansions of the original notion; it began with certain core applications of the word φύσις by pre-Socratic philosophers, and has steadily gained currency ever since. This usage was confirmed during the advent of modern scientific method in the last several centuries.[4][5]

Ukhane

Maitri

Virtual Reality

Virtual reality (VR) is a term that applies to computer-simulated environments that can simulate physical presence in places in the real world, as well as in imaginary worlds. Most current virtual reality environments are primarily visual experiences, displayed either on a computer screen or through special stereoscopic displays, but some simulations include additional sensory information, such as sound through speakers or headphones. Some advanced, haptic systems now include tactile information, generally known as force feedback, in medical and gaming applications. Furthermore, virtual reality covers remote communication environments which provide virtual presence of users with the concepts of telepresence and telexistence.

Users can interact with a virtual environment or a virtual artifact (VA) either through the use of standard input devices such as a keyboard and mouse, or through multimodal devices such as a wired glove, the Polhemus, and omnidirectional treadmills. The simulated environment can be similar to the real world—for example, in simulations for pilot or combat training—or it can differ significantly from reality, such as in VR games. In practice, it is currently very difficult to create a high-fidelity virtual reality experience, due largely to technical limitations on processing power, image resolution, and communication bandwidth; however, the technology's proponents hope that such limitations will be overcome as processor, imaging, and data communication technologies become more powerful and cost-effective over time.

World Cup 2011

Cricket:
Now some unpredictable results are coming out from the world cup.first take example of England vs India match .In the beginning it look like India will win the match in first half but when Andrew & Bell were batting it look like England will win the match.But match is tied.The second very dramatic that Ireland beat England by 3 wickets because of K Brien's supreb knock of 114 0f 63 balls.India is lagging in Bowling department & India had to do well in bowling & fielding for winning world cup.We had to also make a good start .

Get Together

I met to my all my friends of 10th std batch ,Bhokar where I have completed my childhood education .It was so funny & enjoying event.5th feb will be the memorable day in my life forever................................

Cricket

Cricket is becoming really a mad & crazy sport now a days.Even a kid 0f age 8 know every player in Indian Cricket Team but do not Captain of Hockey or any other sport in India.I cant imagine where Indian Sport is going. It is now time to play some short time sports like Tennis & many other Athletic Games in which Indians performance is very poor.So at ur position u can inspire ur friends & calligues.Then & then India will be in the top 10 contry in Olympics.

friendship

Friendship is very important part of everyone's life now a days. We can not live without our close friends.Friends are very essential when you are in bad time,need.It doesn't mean that u call friends in your need only.I am fortunate to have a very good friends in my life.

fifth one day(22/01/2011)

CENTURION: Yusuf Pathan hit a blistering 68-ball century but could not stop South Africa from winning the series-deciding fifth and final one-day international against India at SuperSport Park on Sunday.

Scorecard | Match in Pics

South Africa won by 33 runs according to the Duckworth-Lewis method, clinching a come-from-behind 3-2 series win thanks mainly to a century by Hashim Amla and four wickets by fast bowler Morne Morkel.

Opening batsman Amla made 116 not out as South Africa reached 250 for nine in a rain-interrupted innings.

Set to make 268 to win, India were headed for a heavy defeat when they slumped to 119 for eight with fast bowlers Morkel and Dale Steyn inflicting most of the damage.

But Pathan unleashed a ferocious assault on the South African bowlers during a ninth wicket stand of 100 with Zaheer Khan.

Pathan slammed eight sixes and eight fours as he made 105 before he top-edged another attempted big hit against Morkel and sent a catch spiraling to cover.

Khan got a reprieve when the stand was worth 20 when he top-edged a short ball from Morkel and was caught by wicketkeeper AB de Villiers.

But umpire Simon Taufel asked television umpire Shaun George to check whether Morkel had bowled a no-ball. George ruled that Morkel had overstepped by millimetres and Khan batted on.

As the ball flew to all parts of the ground, South African captain Graeme Smith called on Morkel and the fast bowler finally induced a false stroke.

Morkel finished with four for 52 as India were all out for 234.

Indian captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni admitted that South Africa deserved to win.

"It has been a disappointing series for the batsmen. We have not really performed as a batting unit. To say we wanted to win the final game just because Yusuf scored a hundred was asking too much," said Dhoni.

Looking ahead to next month's World Cup, Dhoni said the big lesson for India was that if they were able to keep wickets in hand they could chase down almost any target with a powerful hitter like Pathan in the side.

Smith said South Africa had finished the series strongly.

"We were 2-1 down and we played two good games."

He said South Africa had paced their innings well, despite a late collapse after a rain break, and had bowled "really aggressively".

South Africa's innings was interrupted when the hosts were strongly placed at 226 for three after 42 overs.

The rain caused a delay of more than an hour and the match was reduced to 46 overs a side.

South Africa lost six wickets for 24 runs in the remaining four overs of their innings, with a succession of batsmen falling to ill-judged strokes and two run-outs in a chase for quick runs.

Dhoni sent South Africa in, hoping to take advantage of expected early morning life in the pitch - and also to have the option of revising his team's strategy in the event of predicted rain interruptions.

Smith fell once again to left-arm opening bowler Khan - for the 11th time in international cricket - edging a catch to second slip in the third over.

But Amla played a calm innings, content to play the supporting role in a second wicket stand of 97 with Morne van Wyk, who made 56 off 63 balls, then picking up the pace in a fourth wicket stand of 102 off 98 balls with JP Duminy (35).

There were only four boundaries as Amla reached fifty off 72 balls, but he added another five fours as he needed just 41 more deliveries to reach the first century by a batsman of either side in the series.

India exports software to 90 countries.
India is the largest democracy in the world, the 6th largest Country in the world, and one of the most ancient civilizations.
# The world's highest cricket ground is in Chail, Himachal Pradesh. Built in 1893 after leveling a hilltop, this cricket pitch is 2444 meters above sea level.
# India has the largest number of Post Offices in the world.
# The largest employer in India is the Indian Railways, employing over a million people.
India was one of the richest countries till the time of British rule in the early 17th Century.Christopher Columbus, attracted by India's wealth, had come looking for a sea route to India when he discovered America by mistake.
Until 1896, India was the only source of diamonds in the world.
oga has its origins in India and has existed for over 5,000 years.